Moving to Canada

The paperwork that starts the moment you land: entry rules, health registration, tax residency, and the long road to citizenship.

Getting in the door

Roughly 50 nationalities — the US, UK, most of the EU, Japan, South Korea, Australia — can fly in visa-free but still need a $7 CAD eTA (Electronic Travel Authorization) before boarding; it’s usually approved within minutes. Everyone else needs a full Temporary Resident Visa ($100 CAD plus $85 CAD biometrics), which can take anywhere from a few weeks to several months depending on where you’re applying from.

At the airport, new permanent residents land with a Confirmation of Permanent Residence; work and study permit holders usually have their actual permit printed at the border, even if it was approved online in advance. That landing date is the one to remember — it typically starts your tax residency clock and, eventually, your citizenship clock.

Your first month

A bad accident in month one, uninsured, is the single most expensive newcomer mistake in this guide — the gap insurance line above is not optional advice.

Taxes, driving, and staying legal

Canadian tax residency is decided by the CRA, separately from your immigration status — for most newcomers it simply starts the day you move in. File a return even in a partial first year; it unlocks benefits like the GST/HST credit and Canada Child Benefit. Driver’s licence exchange rules are set province by province: Ontario, for instance, waives the road test entirely for licences from about 18 named countries, but gives everyone else credit for at most 12 months of foreign experience before requiring the full graduated system.

Permanent residency and citizenship

Once approved, your PR status has one ongoing rule: be physically present in Canada at least 730 days in every rolling five-year window. Citizenship itself requires 3 of the last 5 years physically present (part-time credit for pre-PR time, capped at 182 days), tax filings for 3 of those 5 years, a language test (CLB 4) and a 20-question civics test for anyone 18–54. Budget 10–14 months for a straightforward application.

Opening an account before your credit history exists, and the fastest way to build one from zero.

Opening your first account

Every major bank runs a "newcomer" package — waived fees for a set window, a starter credit card issued without any Canadian credit history, and the option to open the account from abroad so a debit card is waiting when you land. The fine print varies more than people expect:

Building credit from nothing

Canadian credit history doesn’t travel with you — everyone starts at zero, scored 300–900 by Equifax and TransUnion. The standard on-ramp is a secured credit card: you put down a refundable deposit (as low as $50) that becomes your limit, use it lightly, pay it off in full every month, and expect to graduate to an unsecured card within 12–18 months. Several banks’ newcomer packages skip the secured step entirely and issue a real card on landing.

A parallel option worth knowing about: rent-reporting services can feed your on-time rent payments into your credit file, since rent is often a newcomer’s biggest recurring bill and otherwise invisible to the bureaus.

Sending money and everyday banking

Bank wires are the expensive default — about $45 CAD to send internationally, plus a hidden 2–3% exchange-rate markup most people never notice. A transfer app (Wise is the common recommendation) usually costs a fraction of that on the same transfer. For everyday banking, EQ Bank and Wealthsimple are the two digital-first names Canadians reach for — no monthly fees, and interest on savings that beats the Big Five’s standard accounts by a wide margin.

Canada cut its immigration targets sharply for 2026 — here’s what’s actually open, and what closed in the last two years.

Which door is yours?

Every pathway at a glance

Express Entry, in plain terms

Most economic immigration runs through one points system, the Comprehensive Ranking System: age, education, language scores and work experience earn points, and IRCC periodically invites the top-ranked candidates in the pool to apply. A provincial nomination is worth a flat +600 points — effectively a guaranteed invitation — which is why it’s the biggest lever for anyone whose score isn’t naturally competitive. As of March 2025, a job offer no longer adds points on its own.

What changed recently

• Ontario’s entire provincial program was rebuilt in May 2026 — all nine old streams eliminated, three new ones proposed but not yet detailed.
• The Start-up Visa and Self-Employed Persons programs are effectively closed to new applicants; provincial entrepreneur streams (Alberta, BC, Saskatchewan) are the realistic route now.
• Parent and Grandparent sponsorship is paused — a long-stay Super Visa (up to 5 years per stay, 10-year validity) is the practical alternative in the meantime.
• Study permits keep shrinking — 408,000 for 2026, down from 485,000 in 2024 — though master’s and doctoral students at public universities no longer need a provincial attestation letter.

Where the jobs are, what they pay after tax, and the one big cultural difference from an at-will labour market.

Where the jobs are

National unemployment sits at 6.4%, but that hides real regional variation: Quebec is the tightest large market at 5.6%, Ontario and BC have softened to 6.9% and 6.5%, and Atlantic Canada runs consistently highest at 7–9%. Healthcare is the one sector with genuinely structural demand — up roughly 85,000 jobs over the past year, driven by an aging population, not a temporary hiring wave. White-collar and entry-level roles, especially in Ontario, are the most competitive corner of the market right now.

What things pay

Average salary nationally runs $67,000–$70,000, with Alberta highest (~$72,000 average) and the Maritimes lowest (~$52,000–$55,000). On tax: federal rates run 14% to 33%, and a province’s own bracket stacks on top — Quebec’s combined rates are the highest in the country, Alberta’s among the lowest.

Credentials that don’t transfer automatically

About one job in five in Canada is professionally regulated — nursing, engineering, law, teaching, skilled trades — and licensing happens province by province, not federally. The common first step is a foreign credential assessment (around $329–$454 CAD through WES, the most-used agency), followed by the relevant provincial college or regulator, language testing, and sometimes bridging courses or supervised hours. Nursing and engineering both typically take several months to over a year to fully license; physicians face the longest path of any profession in Canada.

The culture shift that surprises people

Canada has no general at-will employment. Letting someone go without cause requires statutory notice or pay in lieu — typically up to 8 weeks depending on the province — and Ontario adds separate severance on top for longer-tenured employees at larger employers. Vacation is culturally normal to actually take, starting at 2 weeks after a year and rising with tenure. For anyone moving from a US-style job market, this is usually the biggest mental adjustment.

Public school is free and strong by international rankings; the real decision points are childcare cost and where your province stands on tuition.

Public school, K–12

Education is run province by province — there’s no federal ministry — but the shape is similar everywhere: free public school for children of citizens, permanent residents, and most work/study permit holders, from kindergarten through grade 12, with ESL support built into most boards. Quebec is the notable exception: under Bill 101, newcomer children generally must attend French-language public schools, a decision point that catches many anglophone families off guard.

Private school runs $17,000–18,000 a year on average nationally — Toronto and Vancouver closer to $22,000, Alberta’s partially-funded independent schools pulling that province’s average down to under $9,000.

Childcare: a genuine two-tier system

Canada’s federal $10-a-day childcare push has landed unevenly. Quebec ($9.65/day), Manitoba, Saskatchewan, PEI, and Newfoundland & Labrador are essentially there. Ontario and British Columbia are not — BC in particular runs the country’s highest infant-care fees. For a family choosing between provinces, this alone can be a $1,000+/month difference.

University and college

Domestic undergraduate tuition averages $7,734 a year; international students pay over five times that — a gap that’s widened noticeably over the last decade. Quebec runs its own three-tier system with CEGEP (a two-year pre-university step) ahead of a shorter, typically three-year bachelor’s degree; out-of-province and international students there now also face a new French-proficiency graduation requirement, introduced in 2025 and still contested by the English-language universities.

Studying your way to residency

The classic pipeline — study permit, then a post-graduation work permit, then permanent residency through the Canadian Experience Class — is still one of the more direct routes into the country, but the field you study now matters more than it used to: college diploma programs must link to a labour-shortage occupation to qualify for a post-grad permit, while bachelor’s and higher degrees are exempt from that restriction entirely.

How the schools rank

On the OECD’s PISA assessment, Canada places 8th–9th globally across reading, science and math — genuinely top-tier — though scores have drifted down slightly since 2018, a trend worth knowing rather than assuming away.

Most newcomers rent for the first few years — here’s what that costs, what buying involves, and the rules that only apply to non-residents.

Rent vs. buy

Given how far home prices have run ahead of local incomes — especially in Toronto and Vancouver — most newcomers rent for their first one to three years while they build Canadian credit and employment history. Buying adds real costs beyond the down payment: legal fees, land transfer tax, inspection, typically 1.5–4% of the purchase price in closing costs alone.

Buying, if you go that route

The Bank of Canada’s rate has held at 2.25% since late 2025, putting typical five-year fixed mortgages around 4.24% and variable closer to 3.45%. Every buyer must qualify at roughly 2 points above their actual rate (a "stress test"). Down payment minimums scale with price: 5% under $500,000, a blended 5–10% up to $1.5 million, and a full 20% — with no mortgage insurance available at all — above that.

Toronto and Vancouver prices are actually down 4–5% year-over-year as of mid-2026, while Calgary and Montreal are up 3–5% — a genuine split worth knowing before assuming "Canadian housing" moves as one market.

Rules specific to non-residents

A federal ban currently prevents non-Canadians from buying most residential property in cities, confirmed through January 2027 with its extension beyond that still undecided. The ban doesn’t apply to property outside major urban areas, to international students meeting residency and price conditions, to work permit holders with 183+ days remaining, or to anyone buying jointly with a Canadian or PR spouse. Non-residents who do legally buy face an additional 25% withholding tax on rental income and capital gains, plus provincial surtaxes in Ontario and BC that can run 15–20%.

Renting: deposits and notice periods

Standard leases run 12 months before converting to month-to-month. One caveat worth knowing: Ontario’s Landlord and Tenant Board has a well-documented backlog, and evictions there can take 4–9 months to actually enforce regardless of the notice period on paper — it cuts both ways, for tenants and small landlords alike.

What a realistic monthly budget looks like, by city tier — and how Canada stacks up against the US and UK.

Monthly budgets, roughly

Those figures include rent. Outside of housing, day-to-day life is fairly consistent city to city: a mid-range restaurant dinner for two runs $100–120, a monthly transit pass $80–$156 depending on the city, and basic utilities for a one-bedroom apartment $110–175.

Healthcare’s real gaps

Public coverage handles doctor visits, hospital stays, and medically necessary surgery — but not prescription drugs outside a hospital, dental care, vision care, or therapy with a psychologist. Most employed people fill that gap with a workplace benefits plan; without one, budget roughly $50–150 a month per adult for basic private coverage.

Getting around

Gas averages $1.82/litre nationally, with Manitoba and Alberta cheapest and the Atlantic provinces most expensive. Car insurance varies enormously by province — Quebec’s hybrid public/private system keeps it around $750/year, while Ontario’s fully private market runs closer to $2,000/year for the same driver profile.

How it compares

Canada runs meaningfully cheaper than the US day-to-day (a cost index of 63.0 versus 68.8), but American salaries are high enough — roughly 45% more after tax, on average — to offset that for a lot of households. Against the UK, it’s close to a wash: the UK is slightly cheaper on rent and groceries, Canada slightly ahead on income, and both countries share the biggest structural difference from the US — healthcare that isn’t tied to your employer or your bank balance.